柱塞泵一般分為單柱塞泵、臥式柱塞泵、軸向柱塞泵和徑向柱塞泵。

　　單柱塞泵

　　結構組成主要有偏心輪、柱塞、彈簧、缸體、兩個單向閥。柱塞與缸體孔之間形成密閉容積。偏心輪旋轉一轉，柱塞上下往復運動一次，向下運動吸油，向上運動排油。泵每轉一轉排出的油液體積稱為排量，排量只與泵的結構參數有關。

　　臥式柱塞泵

　　臥式柱塞泵是由幾個柱塞（一般為3個或6個）并列安裝，用1根曲軸通過連桿滑塊或由偏心軸直接推動柱塞做往復運動，實現吸、排液體的液壓泵。它們也都采用閥式配流裝置，而且大多為定量泵。煤礦液壓支架系統中的乳化液泵一般都是臥式柱塞泵。

　　乳化液泵用于采煤工作面，為液壓支架提供乳化液，工作原理靠曲軸的旋轉帶動活塞做往復運動，實現吸液和排液。

　　軸向柱塞泵是活塞或柱塞的往復運動方向與缸體中心軸平行的柱塞泵。軸向柱塞泵利用與傳動軸平行的柱塞在柱塞孔內往復運動所產生的容積變化來進行工作的。由于柱塞和柱塞孔都是圓形零件，加工時可以達到很高的精度配合，因此容積效率高。

　　直軸斜盤式柱塞泵分為壓力供油型和自吸油型兩種。壓力供油型液壓泵大都是采用有氣壓的油箱，靠氣壓供油的液壓油箱，在每次啟動機器之后，必須等液壓漬箱達到使用氣壓后，才能操作機械。如液壓油箱的氣壓不足時就啟動機器，會對液壓泵內的與滑靴造成拉脫現象，出會造成泵體內回程板與壓板的非正常磨損。

　　徑向柱塞泵可分為閥配流與軸配流兩大類。閥配流徑向柱塞泵存在故障率高、效率低等缺點。上70、80年代發展的軸配流徑向柱塞泵克服了閥配流徑向柱塞泵的不足。由于徑向泵結構上的特點，固定了軸配流徑向柱塞泵比軸向柱塞泵耐沖擊、壽命長、控制精度高。變量行程短泵的變量是在變量柱塞和限位柱塞作用下，改變定子的偏心距實現的，而定于的大偏心距為 5—9mm（根據排量大小不同），變量行程很短。且變量機構設計為高壓操縱，由控制閥進行控制。故該泵的響應速度快。徑向結構設計克服了如軸向柱塞泵滑靴偏磨的問題。使其抗沖擊能力大幅度提高。

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