詳細(xì)介紹
力士樂REXROTH溢流閥作用:在定量泵節(jié)流調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)中,定量泵提供的是恒定流量。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)壓力增大時,會使流量需求減小。此時溢流閥開啟,使多余流量溢回油箱,保證溢流閥進(jìn)口壓力,即泵出口壓力恒定(閥口常隨壓力波動開啟)。
力士樂REXROTH溢流閥故障產(chǎn)生原因與解決方法噪聲和振動
液壓裝置中容易產(chǎn)生噪聲的元件一般認(rèn)為是泵和閥,閥中又以溢流閥和電磁換向閥等為主。產(chǎn)生噪聲的因素很多。溢流閥的噪聲有流速聲和機(jī)械聲二種。流速聲中主要由油液振動、空穴以及液壓沖擊等原因產(chǎn)生的噪聲。機(jī)械聲中主要由閥中零件的撞擊和磨擦等原因產(chǎn)生的噪聲。
(1)壓力不均勻引起的噪聲 先導(dǎo)型溢流閥的導(dǎo)閥部分是一個易振部位如圖3所示。在高壓情況下溢流時,導(dǎo)閥的軸向開口很小,僅0.003~0.006厘米。過流面積很小,流速很高,可達(dá)200米/秒,易引起壓力分布不均勻,使錐閥徑向力不平衡而產(chǎn)生振動。另外錐閥和錐閥座加工時產(chǎn)生的橢圓度、導(dǎo)閥口的臟物粘住及調(diào)壓彈簧變形等,也會引起錐閥的振動。所以一般認(rèn)為導(dǎo)閥是發(fā)生噪聲的振源部位。由于有彈性元件(彈簧)和運(yùn)動質(zhì)量(錐閥)的存在,構(gòu)成了一個產(chǎn)生振蕩的條件,而導(dǎo)閥前腔又起了一個共振腔的作用,所以錐閥發(fā)生振動后易引起整個閥的共振而發(fā)出噪聲,發(fā)生噪聲時一般多伴隨有劇烈的壓力跳動。
(2)空穴產(chǎn)生的噪聲當(dāng)由于各種原因,空氣被吸入油液中,或者在油液壓力低于大氣壓時,溶解在油液中的部分空氣就會析出形成氣泡,這些氣泡在低壓區(qū)時體積較大,當(dāng)隨油液流到高壓區(qū)時,受到壓縮,體積突然變小或氣泡消失;反之,如在高壓區(qū)時體積本來較小,而當(dāng)流到低壓區(qū)時,體積突然增大,油中氣泡體積這種急速改變的現(xiàn)象。氣泡體積的突然改變會產(chǎn)生噪聲,又由于這一過程發(fā)生在瞬間,將引起局部液壓沖擊而產(chǎn)生振動。先導(dǎo)式溢流閥的導(dǎo)閥口和主閥口,油液流速和壓力的變化很大,很容易出現(xiàn)空穴現(xiàn)象,由此而產(chǎn)生噪聲和振動。
(3)液壓沖擊產(chǎn)生的噪聲先導(dǎo)式溢流閥在卸荷時,會因液壓回路的壓力急驟下降而發(fā)生壓力沖擊噪聲。愈是高壓大容量的工作條件,這種沖擊噪聲愈大,這是由于溢流閥的卸荷時間很短而產(chǎn)生液壓沖擊所致在卸荷時,由于油流速急劇變化,引起壓力突變,造成壓力波的沖擊。壓力波是一個小的沖擊波,本身產(chǎn)生的噪聲很小,但隨油液傳到系統(tǒng)中,如果同任何一個機(jī)械零件發(fā)生共振,就可能加大振動和增強(qiáng)噪聲。所以在發(fā)生液壓沖擊噪聲時,一般多伴有系統(tǒng)振 動。
(4)機(jī)械噪聲先導(dǎo)式溢流閥發(fā)出的機(jī)械噪聲,一般來自零件的撞擊和由于加工誤差等產(chǎn)生的零件磨擦。 在先導(dǎo)型溢流閥發(fā)出的噪聲中,有時會有機(jī)械性的高頻振動聲,一般稱它為自激振動聲。這是主閥和導(dǎo)閥因高頻振動而發(fā)生的聲音。它的發(fā)生率與回油管道的配置、流量、壓力、油溫(粘度)等因素有關(guān)。一般情況下,管道口徑小、流量少、壓力高、油液粘度低,自激振動發(fā)生率就高。
力士樂REXROTH溢流閥在使用中有時會出現(xiàn)調(diào)壓失靈現(xiàn)象。先導(dǎo)式溢流閥調(diào)壓失靈現(xiàn)象有二種情況:一種是調(diào)節(jié)調(diào)壓手輪建立不起壓力,或壓力達(dá)不到額定數(shù)值;另一種調(diào)節(jié)手輪壓力不下降,甚至不斷升壓。出現(xiàn)調(diào)壓失靈,除閥芯因種種原因造成徑向卡緊外,還有下列一些原因:
*是主閥體阻尼器堵塞,油壓傳遞不到主閥上腔和導(dǎo)閥前腔,導(dǎo)閥就失去對主閥壓力的調(diào)節(jié)作用。因主閥上腔無油壓力,彈簧力又很小,所以主閥變成了一個彈簧力很小的直動型溢流閥,在進(jìn)油腔壓力很低的情況下,主閥就打開溢流,系統(tǒng)就建立不起壓力。壓力達(dá)不到額定值的原因,是調(diào)壓彈簧變形或選用錯誤,調(diào)壓彈簧壓縮行程不夠,閥的內(nèi)泄漏過大,或?qū)чy部分錐閥過度磨損等。
第二是阻尼器堵塞,油壓傳遞不到錐閥上,導(dǎo)閥就失去了支主閥壓力的調(diào)節(jié)作用。阻尼器(小孔)堵塞后,在任何壓力下錐閥都不會打開溢流油液,閥內(nèi)始終無油液流動,主閥上下腔壓力一直相等,由于主閥芯上端環(huán)形承壓面積大于下端環(huán)形承壓面積,所以主閥也始終關(guān)閉,不會溢流,主閥壓力隨負(fù)載增加而上升。當(dāng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)停止工作時,系統(tǒng)壓力就會無限升高。除這些原因以外,尚需檢查外控口是否堵住,錐閥安裝是否良好等。
力士樂REXROTH溢流閥在裝配或使用中,由于O形密封圈、組合密封圈的損壞,或者安裝螺釘、管接頭的松動,都可能造成不應(yīng)有的外泄漏。如果錐閥或主閥芯磨損過大,或者密封面接觸不良,還將造成內(nèi)泄漏過大,甚至影響正常工作。力士樂REXROTH溢流閥常見的故障有先導(dǎo)電磁閥工作失靈、主閥調(diào)壓失靈和卸荷時的沖擊噪聲等。后者可通過調(diào)節(jié)加置的緩沖器來減少或消除。如不帶緩沖器,則可在主閥溢流口加一背壓閥。(壓力一般調(diào)至5kgf/cm2左右,即0.5MPa)。
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